{"id":2060,"date":"2018-05-23T09:08:21","date_gmt":"2018-05-23T09:08:21","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/cjimoz.org\/news\/?p=2060"},"modified":"2018-05-23T09:16:28","modified_gmt":"2018-05-23T09:16:28","slug":"disputa-de-terra-das-zonas-fronteiricas-do-kruger","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/cjimoz.org.mz\/news\/en\/disputa-de-terra-das-zonas-fronteiricas-do-kruger\/","title":{"rendered":"Land disputes in the Kruger Borderlands"},"content":{"rendered":"

\u00a0Will ecological reserves be the solution to poaching?<\/strong><\/p>\n

Estacio Valoi<\/p>\n

April 6th 2018<\/p>\n

\u00a0An area of protection along the Kruger National Park frontier targets poachers. Displaced populations denounce the usurpation of land by wealthy foreigners in partnership with corrupt political leaders.<\/strong><\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

In the district of Massingir, with a coverage of about 580,000 hectares on the Mozambican side, separating across the border line with South Africa, the high rate of poaching is notorious. It is estimated that 90% of the 3960 rhinoceros victims of poaching in Kruger National Park since 2010 have been slaughtered by Mozambican poachers who enter the park across the border, according to tax inspectors<\/strong><\/p>\n

South African tourism companies and conservation agents have been developing eco-tourism projects in Mozambican territory, along the border line with the aim of creating a protection zone against Furtive Hunting along the 360km extension, to protect the rhinos and elephants that have progressively been targeted by hunters.<\/strong><\/p>\n

Communities that have had to give way to the protection zone have accused companies of usurping land to create Ecological Areas for the mega-rich. The inhabitants claim that South Africans are aided by the son of the former President of the Republic of Mozambique and local political leaders through bribes, false promises and deliberately fomented land conflicts.<\/strong><\/p>\n

\"They said they would give us jobs when we gave them the land. That was not true. They then manipulated and divided our communities so that only they could reign and take advantage, \"said Isac Alione Fubai, a former leader of the Cubo Community.<\/p>\n

Twin City, a South African company that occupied large tracts of land in the protection zone, had created conflicts between members of the Cubo and Nkanhine communities for their own benefit, Fubai said.<\/p>\n

Twin City<\/strong><\/p>\n

In South Africa, Twin City's main business is the development, rental and management of shopping centers. The company belongs to the super-rich Pistorius family, world-renowned after the former Paralympic athlete Oscar Pistorius killing his girlfriend, model Reeva Steenkamp in 2013.<\/p>\n

In Mozambique, the company formed a consortium called Twin City- Karingana Wa karingana Ecoturismo Limitada, based in Maputo and registered in the Commercial Entities Registry. Its partners are: Twin City Development (Pty) Ltd, holding 50% of the shares and Twins Investment Limited, shareholder of the other 50%. The Mozambican shareholders, represented by Muhammad Khalid Peyrye, are: the former Governor of the Gaza Province, Eug\u00e9nio Numaio, his son Rangel Numaio and the Mozambican business coordinator, Renato Mucavel.<\/p>\n

380\/5000 Twin City Development was established in 1984 by Arnold Pistorius, Oscar's uncle, and has consolidated 27 portions of land along the Mozambican border within the 137,000-hectare Karingani Game Reserve. Over time, Mozambican government officials have helped take 20,000 hectares of communal land in favor of Karingani, and plans to acquire more.<\/p>\n

First of all, the Cuban communities agreed to give 10,000 hectares to Adolfo Bila, Administrator of the Massingir district during the term of the first President of the Republic of Mozambique, Samora Machel. Then another 10,000 hectares were released to the former Governor of Gaza, Eug\u00e9nio Numaio, after he spoke at a meeting with the members of the Community Association on the importance of Ecotourism to the community.<\/p>\n

\"The first 10,000 hectares were passed to Numaio by Bila, and we agreed with this, in the expectation that the former administrator would fulfill his promises of social responsibility in exchange for the land. But he did not live up to his promises. No member of the Cube Community is working for Twin City, \"said Fubai.<\/p>\n

In addition to jobs, the agreement with the Community Cube consisted of including veterinary facilities and piped water for their livestock. \"But in addition to having built two classrooms, a bathroom, a kindergarten and a fence for the hospital, Bila did nothing else,\" he said.<\/p>\n

After the intervention of the Terra Viva Center, a non-governmental organization for land and environment issues, community members agreed to maintain and develop 3,000 hectares of the remaining 10,000 hectares that had originally been occupied.<\/p>\n

Members of the community formed an association called Tlharihane va ka Cubo, and agreed to move to Macavene and Xilalane Valley, near the Massingir Dam.<\/p>\n

In 2006, the Community Cube Association formed a consortium with the African Wildlife Foundation (AWF) to develop a project and tourist resort on the community's 3,000-acre site. \"The AWF suggested that we accept Numaio as our partner and that he would place a fence around the area to prevent lions from killing people and cattle,\" Fubai said.<\/p>\n

The partnership saw Numaio take up 60% of the project and community tourist resort. Disputes surrounding the property arose, over 3,000 hectares and Numaio subsequently announced that it had obtained DUAT, Land Use Right and Use, as its property, justifying this by saying that it had invested in the project.<\/p>\n

In May 2016, Balule Lodge was inaugurated by the Minister of Land, Environment and Rural Development, Celso Correia. Samora Machel Junior, son of the first President of the Republic was mentioned, along with Eug\u00e9nio Numaio and Renato Mucavele as the Mozambican partners. The Inauguration ceremony was marked by the absence of the Cubo Community.<\/p>\n

Other conflicts stemmed from promises of fence after two people and hundreds of heads of cattle were attacked and killed by lions crossing the territory of Twin City, from South Africa to Massingir.<\/p>\n

\"We asked them to put a fence because the lions cross over to this side, killing our cattle and the hippos feed on our crops and destroy our fields. But Numaio refused to put the fence and said he wanted to appropriate our 3,000 hectares of land. We do not want to see our land being stolen from us, \"Cubo community leaders said.<\/p>\n

A lioness who killed a young man on a farm was killed by members of the community. \"We have complained about the wildlife and in 2001, Twin City asked us to put our complaints in writing. We did it but we did not get results.<\/p>\n

\"Now we know why they always refused to put the fence. Because they want to take the land away from us, \"said community members.<\/p>\n

Fubai stepped down from his position as leader of the Cubo community, saying he was under pressure from Numaio and the District Government of Massingir to persuade the Community Association to cede its last 3,000 hectares to the Twin City partnership<\/p>\n

Fubai said it was offered $ 5,800, a mansion type 16 and luxury car in exchange for 3,000 acres. \"But I did not take the bribe.\"<\/p>\n

In October 2010, the development of tourism projects in the community was interrupted by the District Government. Am\u00e9lia Cubai, who replaced Fubai at the head of Tlharihane Va Ka Cubo, said several officers including the District Administrator of Massingir had tried to persuade the community to hand over their 3,000 hectares of land to Twin City, which would bring substantial development to the community, otherwise they would \"take the land by force.\"<\/p>\n

\"The community was not intimidated, we declined,\" Fubai said.<\/p>\n

380\/5000 The 2017 Census was compromised last year when the Cubo community demanded that the government return their land as a condition for them to participate in the census. As a result, the Minister of Land, Environment and Rural Development Celso Correia undertook to end the 5-year land conflict with Twin City giving the population the right to use other lands.<\/p>\n

Limpopo National Park<\/strong><\/p>\n

No norte da zona fronteiri\u00e7a, Mo\u00e7ambique reservou cerca de 10,000km de terra para fazer parte da gigante transfronteiri\u00e7a \u201cparque pac\u00edfico \u201cacordado entre os governos da \u00c1frica do Sul p\u00f3s-apartheid, Mo\u00e7ambique e Zimbabwe em 2000. Desde ent\u00e3o, veda\u00e7\u00f5es ao longo da fronteira foram removidas e os animais do Kruger movimentaram-se entre os dois pa\u00edses ao longo de antigos corredores migrat\u00f3rios.<\/p>\n

O reassentamento de comunidades vivendo no Parque Nacional do Limpopo no lado Mo\u00e7ambicano foi parte do acordo transnacional, disse o Administrador do parque, Corn\u00e9lio Miguel.<\/p>\n

\u201c N\u00f3s fazemos parte de um enorme ecossistema associado ao Parque Nacional Kruger na \u00c1frica do Sul e o Parque Nacional Gonarezhou, no Zimbabwe. N\u00f3s precis\u00e1vamos executar o processo de reassentamento para criar boas condi\u00e7\u00f5es de vida \u00e0s comunidades vivendo dentro do parque em dificuldades e condi\u00e7\u00f5es extremas; acreditamos que com o reassentamento, eles ter\u00e3o a oportunidade de melhorar a sua qualidade de vida, vivendo em melhores resid\u00eancias e meios de sobreviv\u00eancia\u201d.<\/p>\n

\u201cSimultaneamente, estamos a recuperar o ecossistema e a assegurar a continuidade dos corredores de animais. Os animais v\u00e3o, por sua vez, no futuro, beneficiar as comunidades atrav\u00e9s de empregos e promo\u00e7\u00e3o do turismo local\u201d, disse Miguel.<\/p>\n

Cerca de 2,000 fam\u00edlias foram reassentadas em oito vilas, no bairro Eduardo Mondlane em Massingir, de acordo com Anast\u00e1cio Matavel, Director Executivo do F\u00f3rum de Organiza\u00e7\u00f5es N\u00e3o-Governamentais de Gaza (FONGA). Cinco comunidades, abrangendo 13,300 fam\u00edlias est\u00e3o ainda a viver dentro do parque, \u00e0 espera do reassentamento.<\/p>\n

Mat\u00e1vel descreveu o reassentamento como um \u201cprocesso falhado\u201d. Primeiro, foram constru\u00eddas 18 casas, e depois, 50 casas. O governo local tentou financiar o projecto atrav\u00e9s do Instituto Nacional de Gest\u00e3o de Calamidades, mas o processo falhou.<\/p>\n

\u201cN\u00e3o havia mais dinheiro e as constru\u00e7\u00f5es foram rejeitadas pelas comunidades. Eles tamb\u00e9m n\u00e3o levaram aspectos culturais em considera\u00e7\u00e3o, tais como: quem deve viver junto. N\u00fameros de mulheres e crian\u00e7as vivendo todos em pequenas palhotas.\u201d<\/p>\n

Mat\u00e1vel disse n\u00e3o haver empregos na zona de reassentamento, nem espa\u00e7o para a agricultura e cria\u00e7\u00e3o de gado. \u201cO parque prometeu criar todas as condi\u00e7\u00f5es sociais necess\u00e1rias para um reassentamento decente. Foi por isso que n\u00f3s aceitamos sair, mas o que \u00e9 que a popula\u00e7\u00e3o recebe em troca? Nada. Qual tem sido a rela\u00e7\u00e3o entre a popula\u00e7\u00e3o e o parque? N\u00e3o h\u00e1 benef\u00edcios\u201d.<\/p>\n

\u201c Todas as comunidades querem voltar para dentro do parque, onde costumavam ca\u00e7ar e vender a carne. N\u00f3s cultiv\u00e1vamos dentro do parque tinha boas terras onde durante o tempo da seca, pod\u00edamos produzir vegetais e fruta para a nossa sobreviv\u00eancia. N\u00f3s t\u00ednhamos \u00e1gua, mas agora, precisamos compr\u00e1-la\u201d.<\/p>\n

Cana-de-a\u00e7\u00facar<\/strong><\/p>\n

As oportunidades de emprego aumentaram com o desenvolvimento de campos de cana-de-a\u00e7\u00facar abrangendo 37,500 hectares no distrito de Massingir. Um cons\u00f3rcio composto por empresas Sul-africanas e Mo\u00e7ambicanas criou um projecto, avaliado em US$ 740 milh\u00f5es que incluiria uma unidade de processamento.<\/p>\n

Em 2007, o Governo mo\u00e7ambicano assinou um contrato com a empresa ProCana para a produ\u00e7\u00e3o de Etanol a partir da cana-de-a\u00e7\u00facar. O investidor inicial da ProCana era sediada em Londres, a Central African Mining and Exploration Company, que constituiu a Bioenergy Africa para tomar 94% das ac\u00e7\u00f5es da ProCana.<\/p>\n

Posteriormente, a Bioenergy mudou o seu nome para Stable Mining, e est\u00e1 registrada no para\u00edso fiscal do Caribe, das Ilhas Virgens Brit\u00e2nicas. Em 2009, o governo mo\u00e7ambicano anunciou o cancelamento do Contrato ProCana.<\/p>\n

O projecto foi adoptado pela Massingir Agro Industrial (MAI) em 2012. A empresa Sul Africana TSB Sugar detinha 51% das ac\u00e7\u00f5es e os restantes 49% eram pertencentes \u00e0 SIAL (Sociedade de Investimentos Agro-Industriais do Limpopo), uma empresa mo\u00e7ambicana liderada pelo antigo Ministro da Ind\u00fastria Oct\u00e1vio Muthemba.<\/p>\n

TSB disse que o projecto esperava produzir 500,000 toneladas de a\u00e7\u00facar por ano \u2013 mais do que todas as outras produtoras mo\u00e7ambicanas de cana-de-a\u00e7\u00facar combinadas \u2013 e 240,000 litros de Etanol. Campos de cana foram plantados pr\u00f3ximos \u00e0 Barragem de Massingir, mas o projecto falhou em 2016. De acordo com a TSB, um estudo de viabilidade mostrou que os custos de investimento tinham crescido para $ 1,2 bili\u00f5es, reduzindo o retorno esperado, e a empresa mo\u00e7ambicana foi incapaz de angariar fundos extra, necess\u00e1rios para o seu financiamento.<\/p>\n

Matavel do FONGA disse que as comunidades em Massingir opunham-se ao projecto da cana\u00ad-de-a\u00e7\u00facar por esta ser uma monocultura, que precisa de quantidades avultadas de \u00e1gua para irriga\u00e7\u00e3o e que poderia ainda contaminar a terra atrav\u00e9s do uso de pesticidas.<\/p>\n

\u201cO projecto seria uma cat\u00e1strofe ambiental\u201d, disse Mat\u00e1vel. \u201c Como o que aconteceu (no canavial) em Xinavane, as comunidades locais n\u00e3o t\u00eam lenha nem materiais de constru\u00e7\u00e3o. Faremos tudo o que estiver ao nosso alcance para travar o projecto do a\u00e7\u00facar\u201d.<\/p>\n

Casulos Ecol\u00f3gicos<\/strong><\/p>\n

A inquieta\u00e7\u00e3o da popula\u00e7\u00e3o tem aumentado com a expans\u00e3o das Reservas Privadas Sul-africanas ao longo do lado mo\u00e7ambicano da zona fronteiri\u00e7a, a maioria tendo \u201cpartes \u201cpertencentes a empresas mo\u00e7ambicanas e oficiais mo\u00e7ambicanos.<\/p>\n

Twin City assumiu o arrendamento dos 45,000 hectares da Xonghile Game Park e 8,000 hectares de investidores privados e consolidou-os em Karangani Game Reserve. Singita, uma empresa Sul Africana de Ecoturismo, pertencente a Luke Bailes, tem planos de construir uma luxuosa est\u00e2ncia dentro da reserva. Investidores em Karingani incluem a Funda\u00e7\u00e3o Bedari nos Estados Unidos e o gestor de Fundo de Investimento americano Paul Tudor Jones.<\/p>\n

Existem tamb\u00e9m v\u00e1rios equipamentos de ca\u00e7a com conex\u00f5es Sul-africanas na zona fronteiri\u00e7a, incluindo Magondzo Reserve, Masintonto Eco-Turismo e Sabie Game Park.<\/p>\n

Em resposta \u00e0s quest\u00f5es, Twin City disse ser \u201cuma empresa incorporada em Mo\u00e7ambique com o principal objectivo de investir na conserva\u00e7\u00e3o da fauna bravia. Est\u00e1 principalmente presente em Massingir com o objectivo de prevenir e neutralizar a ca\u00e7a furtiva.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cA Twin City uniu for\u00e7as com unidades Sul-africanas de combate \u00e0 ca\u00e7a furtiva, que trabalhar\u00e3o na \u00e1rea, e com o Governo Mo\u00e7ambicano, incluindo o governo de Massingir, que tamb\u00e9m providenciar\u00e1 unidades de combate \u00e0 ca\u00e7a furtiva, ambas para proteger a fauna e prevenir qualquer ac\u00e7\u00e3o futura.\u201d<\/p>\n

O porta-voz da empresa, Reinecke Janse van Rensburg negou ter colaborado com Numaio no apropriamento de terra da comunidade Cubo. \u201c Os nossos DUAT (Direito de Uso e Aproveitamento de Terra) foram obtidos legalmente e n\u00f3s temos um acordo de parceria com a comunidade Cubo sob o qual uma est\u00e2ncia tur\u00edstica ser\u00e1 constru\u00edda brevemente. Para mais informa\u00e7\u00f5es, por favor, contactem o Administrador local e o antigo Governador.\u201d<\/p>\n

No seu website, a Karingani diz que desde 2008 tem estado envolvida com 11 comunidades prim\u00e1rias ligadas \u00e0 reserva, com vista a facilitar o reassentamento das comunidades afectadas. \u201c Algumas dessas comunidades foram reassentadas de terras que agora fazem parte da Karingani. Esse reassentamento foi resultado de um processo compreensivo de consulta e negocia\u00e7\u00e3o com os membros da comunidade, onde as comunidades, com o apoio das autoridades locais, chegaram a consenso em termos aceit\u00e1veis para que se deslocassem\u201d<\/p>\n

Ao todo, o projecto Karingani reassentou 327 fam\u00edlias, totalizando cerca de 1000 pessoas e 2000 cabe\u00e7as de gado, menciona o website.<\/p>\n

Eug\u00e9nio Numaio negou que tivesse havido qualquer usurpa\u00e7\u00e3o de terra no processo de instala\u00e7\u00e3o da Karingani Reserve da Twin City. \u201c Quando \u00e9 uma empresa privada, as comunidades ficam desconfiadas e pensam que eles queiram usurpar as suas terras\u201d disse ele. \u201cMas existem regras neste pa\u00eds, ningu\u00e9m leva nada \u00e0 for\u00e7a\u201d.<\/p>\n

Os 20,000 hectares da terra da comunidade, incorporados \u00e0 Karingani foram adicionados em consenso com a comunidade, e foram compensados com infra-estruturas tais como escolas, disse ele. Membros da comunidade Cubo estavam a levantar objec\u00e7\u00f5es devido a interesses ocultos. Aquela era a entrada para a ca\u00e7a furtiva no Parque Nacional Kruger, e era por onde os chifres de rinocerontes sa\u00edam para serem levados a sindicatos internacionais. N\u00f3s estamos a criar obst\u00e1culos para o neg\u00f3cio da ca\u00e7a furtiva.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Numaio tamb\u00e9m negou alega\u00e7\u00f5es de tentativas de suborno aos l\u00edderes da comunidade Cubo. \u201c A nossa empresa Twin City est\u00e1 envolvida com grandes empresas e n\u00e3o se pode envolver em jogos sujos nem procedimentos ilegais. Por causa da imagem da empresa e os investidores s\u00e3o pessoas bem posicionadas, portanto n\u00e3o podem efectuar pagamentos fora da lei\u201d.<\/p>\n

Ambientes de tens\u00e3o surgiram principalmente depois das negocia\u00e7\u00f5es em torno dos 3000 hectares de terra da comunidade, que daria \u00e0 Karingani acesso ao lago, disse ele. \u201c Um estudo realizado por especialistas mostrou que tendo acesso \u00e0 \u00e1gua daquele vale, Twin City seria o local mais bonito ao longo da fronteira. Nem a \u00c1frica do Sul, nem o Zimbabwe teriam um local t\u00e3o incr\u00edvel quanto este, onde ter\u00edamos todos os Big Five.<\/p>\n

\u201c Mas a vis\u00e3o conservativa do neg\u00f3cio e a vis\u00e3o tradicional da comunidade s\u00e3o diferentes. Elas n\u00e3o se encaixam, parece um estrondo. Mas isto n\u00e3o \u00e9 uma guerra\u201d.<\/p>\n

Uma pesquisa universit\u00e1ria no desenvolvimento de oportunidades no distrito de Massingir em 2010 indicou haver potencial na agricultura, turismo, pecu\u00e1ria, florestas e pesca. Muitas comunidades locais ainda dependem de rendimentos de migrantes mo\u00e7ambicanos trabalhando na \u00c1frica do Sul.<\/p>\n

Mas, apesar desta promessa, quase nada mudou para muitos membros da comunidade, que est\u00e3o a vender o seu \u00faltimo gado para comprar comida e construir seus pr\u00f3prios po\u00e7os tradicionais para obter \u00e1gua.<\/p>\n

Para Jaime Cumbane, l\u00edder de uma das comunidades reassentadas no Bairro Eduardo Mondlane em 2013, o maior problema \u00e9 a terra: \u201c Pelo menos 90% da fronteira mo\u00e7ambicana est\u00e1 nas m\u00e3os de reservas de ca\u00e7a, incluindo o Parque Nacional do Limpopo. Mas n\u00f3s n\u00e3o temos terra aqui em Massingir\u201d, disse ele.<\/p>\n

Alguns membros das comunidades suspeitam que as reservas privadas e seus aliados do governo n\u00e3o est\u00e3o t\u00e3o interessados na superf\u00edcie quanto ao que est\u00e1 no subsolo. Eles aumentaram a militariza\u00e7\u00e3o nas zonas fronteiri\u00e7as, com os membros das comunidades locais tendo de pedir permiss\u00e3o para ir cultivar ou alimentar o seu gado.<\/p>\n

\u201c As for\u00e7as militares foram originalmente implantadas na \u00e1rea porque esta, era um canal de entrada e sa\u00edda de ca\u00e7ados furtivos no Kruger Park. Hoje, os militares est\u00e3o l\u00e1 para proteger a Twin City\u201d, disse um membro da comunidade Cubo que pediu anonimato.<\/p>\n

Uma investiga\u00e7\u00e3o por: Estacio Valoi<\/p>\n

Centro Jornalismo Investigativo Ambiental Oxpeckers<\/p>\n

Operador de drone: Dexter Tangocci<\/p>\n

Fotos e V\u00eddeos: Filipa Domingues<\/p>\n

Fotos: Estacio Valoi<\/p>\n

Pesquisador de informa\u00e7\u00e3o: \u00c2ngela Harding<\/p>\n

Visualiza\u00e7\u00e3o de informa\u00e7\u00e3o: Fridah Oyaro, Tricia Govindasamy, Emma Kisa, Isacco Chiaf<\/p>\n

Imagens via satellite e analise Radiant. Earth<\/p>\n

Editores: Fiona Macleod, Johnny Miller<\/p>\n

Gerenciamento de Projectos: Ashlin Simpson<\/p>\n

Desenho e Formato: Jacopo Ottaviani<\/p>\n

Produzido em parceria com: Code For Africa, AfricanDRONE e a Rede Africana de Centros de Relat\u00f3rios Investigativos (ANCIR).<\/p>\n

Financiado pelo Pulitzer Center on Crisis Reporting e pela Funda\u00e7\u00e3o Bill e Melinda Gates, com apoio do Centro Internacional de Jornalistas (ICFJ)<\/p>\n

https:\/\/oxpeckers.org\/2018\/04\/krugers-contested-borderlands\/<\/a><\/p>\n

https:\/\/pulitzercenter.storylab.africa\/dominion\/<\/a><\/p>\n

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